Background: Testicular FNAC is a simple and an inexpensive method for evaluation of testicular pathology including inflammatory, non-neoplastic and neoplastic conditions and now has gained popularity as a diagnostic and therapeutic modality in management of male infertility. Assessment of spermatogenesis in azoospermic males is important in the diagnosis of infertility and being a minimally invasive and cost effective method, it gives an insight into the various factors leading to azoospermia. Aims & Objectives: To assess spermatogenesis on testicular FNAC and to determine causes of male infertility in azoospermic males. Methods and Materials: The study was conducted in 50 azoospermic infertile males in the Department of Pathology. Detailed history of the patient, hormonal levels and ultrasound findings were taken into account wherever possible. FNAC was performed on bilateral testis and cytological smears stained with Giemsa were then evaluated for spermatogenesis. Results: Of the 50 cases, maturation arrest was found to be the most common cytological pattern encountered (46%) followed by Sertoli cell only syndrome (28%). Varicocele was the most common clinical condition associated with infertility (12%). Conclusion: The purpose of this article was to review the role of testicular fine needle aspiration cytology in male infertility and interpret the results for evaluation of spermatogenesis.

Keywords: Spermatogenesis; Azoospermia; Cytological diagnosis; Testicular FNA.